Cardiovascular Medicine - Education Center


Mitral valve abnormalities:



Mitral stenosis
In mitral stenosis, a low-pitched, rumbling mid-diastolic murmur can be heard in addition to S1 and S2. The S1 usually tends to be loud and the P2 is also loud if pulmonary hypertension is present as well. A late diastolic accentuation of the murmur is usuallu heard if the patient is in sinus rhythm - as in this case. Mitral stenosis is usually due to rheumatic heart disease but may be due to congenital causes ("parachute valve") as well.

Mitral stenosis in wav format

Mitral stenosis in real audio format

Mitral regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation may be acute or chronic. Acute cases usually present with pulmonary edema and cardiovascular collapse and are due to acute myocardial infarction (papillary muscle rupture), infective endocarditis, trauma, surgery or spontaneous mitral chordal rupture. Chronic mitral regurgitation usually presents as cardiac failure but patients may be asymptomatic. It is usually due to rheumatic heart disease, mitral valve prolapse, cardiomyopathies, papillary muscle dysfunction due to left ventricular failure or ischemia or due to connective tissue diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Marfan's syndrome or ankylosing spondylosis. In any case, a loud pan-systolic murmur is heard and S1 is either very soft or absent.

Mitral regurgitation in wav format

Mitral regurgitation in real audio format

Mitral valve prolapse alone
In mitral valve prolapse without mitral regurgitation, S1 and S2 are heard as usual but a systolic "click" is also heard between S1 and S2. Mitral valve prolapse is usually due to myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve and may also be associated with Marfan's syndrome, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or atrial septal defect. Many patients remain asymptomatic as well.

Mitral valve prolapse alone in wav format

Mitral valve prolapse alone in real audio format

Mitral valve prolapse with mitral regurgitation
In mitral valve prolapse with mitral regurgitation, S1, the systolic "click" and S2 are heard but in addition to this, a systolic murmur is heard between the "click" and S2.

Mitral valve prolapse with mitral regurgitation in wav format

Mitral valve prolapse with mitral regurgitation in real audio format





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